The goal of the current study is to introduce a triadic human-AI collaboration framework for the automated vehicle domain. Previous classifications (e.g., SAE Levels of Automation) focus on defining automation levels based on who controls the vehicle. Howe ver, it remains unclear how human users and AI should collaborate in real -time, especially in dynamic driving contexts, where roles can shift frequently. To fill the gap, this study proposes a triadic human-AI collaboration framework with three AI roles (i.e., Advisor, Co-Pilot, and Guardian) that dynamically adapt to human needs. Overall, the study lays a foundation for developing adaptive, role-based human-AI collaboration strategies in automated vehicles.

China has become the largest Tesla market in the world as the carmaker's shipments to China in 2021 reached 40% of its total worldwide shipments, higher than shipments to the US. Amidst this EV frenzy, technology enterprises and carmakers are hot on developing self-driving technologies, notably Chinese ones. In addition to Baidu's smart cockpit and other solutions, the chip is expected to help Jidu beat competitors in terms of AI performance. Some local semiconductor startups are also competing in this race. Horizon Robotics, once backed by Intel Capital, is collaborating with Holomatic to use Journey 3 and 5 chips and visual perception algorithms in an all-speed integrated self-driving software/hardware solution with a service-oriented architecture (SOA).

Driverless cars or self-driving cars are not new to our society. The first one was developed as early as 1925 called American wonder. But it is from the year 1956 the driver-less car has seen a tremendous improvement. The inspiration for self-driving cars was from the busy traffic and number of accidents. You wouldn't believe that more than 90% of the accident happening is because of human error.

The terminological landscape is rather cluttered when referring to autonomous driving or vehicles. A plethora of terms are used interchangeably, leading to misuse and confusion. With its technological, social and legal progress, it is increasingly imperative to establish a clear terminology that allows each concept to be placed in its corresponding place.

The self-driving vehicle has become a prominent part of the new wave of automotive advancement. Various automakers are now looking at diving in headfirst to get a piece of the pie while improving their cars. A lot of research has gone into perfecting the self-driving vehicle to make sure it passes all regulations and doesn't harm those who get behind the wheel. Several automotive brands are starting to roll out vehicles with these features, and it's illustrating the power of technology in the modern age. The idea of a self-driving vehicle was often spoken of as a goldmine and an automaker's dream.